Most and Least Nutritive Fruits In World Source: Pixabay Most and Least Nutritive Fruits An analysis of the 38 commonly eaten raw (as opposed to dried) fruits shows that the one with the highest calorific value is the avocado (Persea americana) with 741 calories per edible lb. That with the lowest value is cucumber with 73 calories per lb. Avocados probably originated in Central and South America and also contain vitamins A, C. and E and 2.2% protein. Biggest Apple An apple weighing 3 lb 1 oz was reported by V. Loveridge of Ross-on Wye, England in 1965. Largest Artichoke An 8-lb artichoke was grown in 1964 at Tollerton, N Yorkshire England, by A. R. Lawson Largest Broccoli A head of broccoli weighing 28 lb 14 3/4 oz was grown in 1964 by J. T. Cooke of Huntington, W. Sussex, England. Largest Cabbage In 1865 William Collingwood of The Stalwell, County Durham, England, grew a red cabbage with a circumference of 259 in. It reputedly weighed 123 lb. Largest Carrot A carrot weighing 11 ...
TATA STEEL | FROM THE MINES TO THE WORKSHOPS | JAMSHEDPUR | S.K NANAVATI
Tata Steel goes into thousands of workshops all over the country for fashioning the tools of modern Man. Maintaining the quality of Tata Steel and adapting it to the needs of modern technology .
S.K. Nanavati
The establishment of the Tata Iron and Steel Company, sixty years ago, marked an important milestone in India's history for two main reasons: firstly, because it meant the birth of India's modern steel industry. and secondly, because it signified India's real entry into the industrial era.
The history of Tata Steel is, thus, of greater significance than that of an individual enterprise, or even of the country's steel industry. It symbolised India's efforts to lift itself from the morass of feudalism into a modernised economy, and what is more important, it showed a clear grasp of the fundamental factor of economic growth that steel provides the starting point of industry without which no country can march forward on the path of economic emancipation. The successful launching of the steel works and its growth over the years show that, notwithstanding the odds, an enterprise is bound to succeed if it is undertaken in a planned and scientific manner and pursued with courage of conviction and with a clear understanding of the prevalent economic forces and those likely to emerge in the foreseeable future. The immense economic advantage that the Steel Company has brought to the country is evident from the fact that during the sixty years of its existence, it has made about 35 million tonnes of steel. In the process, the Company has saved the country hundreds of millions in foreign exchange.
In this article, it is proposed to make a brief survey of the birth and vowel of Tata Steel produced by passing reference to India's ancient achievements in iron and steel making and to some of the abortive attempts made before the advent of the first modem integrated Steel Works at Jamshedpur, then known as Sakchi.
Iron and Steel in Ancient India
The history of iron and steel making in India goes back some two thousand years into the past. In ancient times, Indians had attained a high degree of skill in the smelting of iron and its fabrication. Their most out standing achievement is the famous Iron Pillar at Delhi, erected in the 3rd or 4th century AD. It is at once a marvel in the manipulation of large masses of wrought iron in those ancient days and a metallurgical mystery that has withstood the ravages of nature for over 1500 years without showing any tendency to rust Another celebrated example is the Wootz steel which India exported over a thousand years ago and which gave the famous Damascus blades their flexibility, strength and beauty.
That the skill was maintained at a high level of competence till the Middle Ages is clear from the iron beams used in the thirteenth century Sun Temple at Konarak in Orissa and the many specimens of cannons, swords and firearms built up to the 17th or 18th century.
Despite these early achievements, India's indigenous iron and steel manufacture rentained a cottape crall Technologically the state of in and women in India Was ugly comparable to that in Europe till the eighteenth century wax well advanced Get the parting way came in the middle of the metal century werk dis cenics ch the bessemer Converter in 1856 and the bae open-hearth process in 1878 revolutionised the iron and steel making BOCS the West and change the inmithurah into a large-scale industry cin scientific lines The world output of steel in 1870 wargand half a million tons By 1890 it had increased to about 12 milli ton and by 1900 it had reached 28 million tons While these matchmaking events were taking place in Europe the art of iron and steel making stood still in India. The period of increasing imports of iron and steel products that followed led to a rapid decline of the craft in India, and at the turn of the present century it had practically gone out of existence.
Beginning of the Modern Phase
Right through the nineteenth century. however, a series of attempts were made in India to develop the iron and steel industry on modern lines. Notable among these were the efforts by Josiah Marshall Heath who in IN30, established a unit at Porto Novo on the Madras Coast. Prompted in his venture by some specimens of steel manu. factured at Salem, he exhausted all his resources in building his plant and in carry- ing out certain experiments but with the assistance of the East India Company, his smelting furnaces produced about 40 ton of pig iron a weak, Even though Heath's venture did not eventually prove a financial success and had to be closed down, it did create an interest in iron and steel making As a result, several attempts were sub. sequently made at producing iron and steel at other places in the country at Beypur in Madras, in the Kumaon Hills in Uttar Pradesh, Indore and Chanda in the Madhya Pradesh and at Birbhum in Bengal.
Heath's pioneering efforts, and the sub sequent ones failed for a variety of reasons. The promoters Inked practical experience and capital The quality of ore they used varied widely, and the most important of are all was the inadequate supply of charcoal for smelting iron. The type of furnace used needed no less than 3.75 tons of charcoal for making a ton of pig iron, and it was impossible for Heath and other pioneers to obtain a steady supply of the large quantities of charcoal from within an economic distance: The futility of establishing a charcoal-based stable iron and steel industry was, however, not realised by Heath who made repeated and unsuccessful attempts to rehabilitate his company
According to General R H Mahon, an Artillery Officer and author of a memorable report on the manufacture of iron and steel in India. what finally shattered the high hopes nurtured by Heath and others was the competition of the rapidly expanding British steel industry which could produce good steel at a much cheaper cost because among other things, of its advanced technology. These efforts were thus doomed. one by one, and in the words of Sir Thomas Holland they stand as silent monuments of misguided effort.'
The lesson which thus energed was that a modern iron and steel industry was not possible on the basis of charcoal and in the absence of necessary technology.
The first significant effort at manufacturing iron and steel, using coke as fuel instead of charcoal was tried out at a factory started at Kulti in 1875. There were various initial difficulties and changes in management, but the Kulti Works proved a success by 1899, and it continued to produce pig iron until it was amalgamated with the Indian Iron and Steel Co. Ltd in December 1936.
Tata Steel goes into thousands of workshops all over the country for fashioning the tools of modern Man. Maintaining the quality of Tata Steel and adapting it to the needs of modern technology .
S.K. Nanavati
The establishment of the Tata Iron and Steel Company, sixty years ago, marked an important milestone in India's history for two main reasons: firstly, because it meant the birth of India's modern steel industry. and secondly, because it signified India's real entry into the industrial era.
The history of Tata Steel is, thus, of greater significance than that of an individual enterprise, or even of the country's steel industry. It symbolised India's efforts to lift itself from the morass of feudalism into a modernised economy, and what is more important, it showed a clear grasp of the fundamental factor of economic growth that steel provides the starting point of industry without which no country can march forward on the path of economic emancipation. The successful launching of the steel works and its growth over the years show that, notwithstanding the odds, an enterprise is bound to succeed if it is undertaken in a planned and scientific manner and pursued with courage of conviction and with a clear understanding of the prevalent economic forces and those likely to emerge in the foreseeable future. The immense economic advantage that the Steel Company has brought to the country is evident from the fact that during the sixty years of its existence, it has made about 35 million tonnes of steel. In the process, the Company has saved the country hundreds of millions in foreign exchange.
In this article, it is proposed to make a brief survey of the birth and vowel of Tata Steel produced by passing reference to India's ancient achievements in iron and steel making and to some of the abortive attempts made before the advent of the first modem integrated Steel Works at Jamshedpur, then known as Sakchi.
Iron and Steel in Ancient India
The history of iron and steel making in India goes back some two thousand years into the past. In ancient times, Indians had attained a high degree of skill in the smelting of iron and its fabrication. Their most out standing achievement is the famous Iron Pillar at Delhi, erected in the 3rd or 4th century AD. It is at once a marvel in the manipulation of large masses of wrought iron in those ancient days and a metallurgical mystery that has withstood the ravages of nature for over 1500 years without showing any tendency to rust Another celebrated example is the Wootz steel which India exported over a thousand years ago and which gave the famous Damascus blades their flexibility, strength and beauty.
That the skill was maintained at a high level of competence till the Middle Ages is clear from the iron beams used in the thirteenth century Sun Temple at Konarak in Orissa and the many specimens of cannons, swords and firearms built up to the 17th or 18th century.
Despite these early achievements, India's indigenous iron and steel manufacture rentained a cottape crall Technologically the state of in and women in India Was ugly comparable to that in Europe till the eighteenth century wax well advanced Get the parting way came in the middle of the metal century werk dis cenics ch the bessemer Converter in 1856 and the bae open-hearth process in 1878 revolutionised the iron and steel making BOCS the West and change the inmithurah into a large-scale industry cin scientific lines The world output of steel in 1870 wargand half a million tons By 1890 it had increased to about 12 milli ton and by 1900 it had reached 28 million tons While these matchmaking events were taking place in Europe the art of iron and steel making stood still in India. The period of increasing imports of iron and steel products that followed led to a rapid decline of the craft in India, and at the turn of the present century it had practically gone out of existence.
Beginning of the Modern Phase
Right through the nineteenth century. however, a series of attempts were made in India to develop the iron and steel industry on modern lines. Notable among these were the efforts by Josiah Marshall Heath who in IN30, established a unit at Porto Novo on the Madras Coast. Prompted in his venture by some specimens of steel manu. factured at Salem, he exhausted all his resources in building his plant and in carry- ing out certain experiments but with the assistance of the East India Company, his smelting furnaces produced about 40 ton of pig iron a weak, Even though Heath's venture did not eventually prove a financial success and had to be closed down, it did create an interest in iron and steel making As a result, several attempts were sub. sequently made at producing iron and steel at other places in the country at Beypur in Madras, in the Kumaon Hills in Uttar Pradesh, Indore and Chanda in the Madhya Pradesh and at Birbhum in Bengal.
Heath's pioneering efforts, and the sub sequent ones failed for a variety of reasons. The promoters Inked practical experience and capital The quality of ore they used varied widely, and the most important of are all was the inadequate supply of charcoal for smelting iron. The type of furnace used needed no less than 3.75 tons of charcoal for making a ton of pig iron, and it was impossible for Heath and other pioneers to obtain a steady supply of the large quantities of charcoal from within an economic distance: The futility of establishing a charcoal-based stable iron and steel industry was, however, not realised by Heath who made repeated and unsuccessful attempts to rehabilitate his company
According to General R H Mahon, an Artillery Officer and author of a memorable report on the manufacture of iron and steel in India. what finally shattered the high hopes nurtured by Heath and others was the competition of the rapidly expanding British steel industry which could produce good steel at a much cheaper cost because among other things, of its advanced technology. These efforts were thus doomed. one by one, and in the words of Sir Thomas Holland they stand as silent monuments of misguided effort.'
The lesson which thus energed was that a modern iron and steel industry was not possible on the basis of charcoal and in the absence of necessary technology.
The first significant effort at manufacturing iron and steel, using coke as fuel instead of charcoal was tried out at a factory started at Kulti in 1875. There were various initial difficulties and changes in management, but the Kulti Works proved a success by 1899, and it continued to produce pig iron until it was amalgamated with the Indian Iron and Steel Co. Ltd in December 1936.
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